Electric power systems have become increasingly complex in recent years due to the integration of distributed generation, including renewable energy sources, and the challenges posed by their intermittency. This complexity increases system vulnerability, but computer-based protection methods—such as digital protective relays supported by communication technologies—have significantly enhanced network protection against faults.
The second edition of this book provides a comprehensive introduction to protecting electrical power systems using digital relays. Thoroughly revised and updated, it includes extensive new material. Chapters cover the mathematical foundations of protection algorithms, including sinusoidal-wave-based methods, Walsh function and S-transform techniques, least squares and differential equation approaches, and traveling-wave-based protection. Additional topics include transformer protection, digital line differential protection, comparative analysis of digital protection algorithms, and protection strategies for networks with distributed generation and renewable energy sources.
Designed for researchers, industry professionals, utility engineers, and advanced students in electrical and power engineering, the book offers a structured treatment of the mathematics and principles behind major protection algorithms. The techniques discussed are applicable to safeguarding generators, transformers, lines, switchgear, and cable circuits in both conventional and distributed energy systems.
